Nice effort, thanks! I guess the translation would still need some corrections, mainly because the language used is a poetic, 19th century one. One would have to checked verse for verse, but at first sight I would say that for instance:

"Dans une mer sans fond, par une nuit sans lune" : I would say "In a bottomless sea, and on a moonless night" (same rhythm)
"'et d'un souffle" : and with a single breath ?
"combien de patrons morts" : "patrons" here would rather be skippers, masters
"leur fin dans l'abîme plongée" : that's an inversion, it means "leur fin, plongée dans l'abîme"
"oh ! que de vieux parents" : oh, how many old parents
"'qui n'avaient plus qu'un rêve" : who had a sole dream left
"maint joyeux cercle" : many a happy circle
" Mêle encor quelque temps vos noms d'ombre couverts / aux rires..." : I'm not sure, but probably something like "Still mixes your names buried in shadow / with laughter..."
"vos belles futures" : it means "the (beautiful) young women you would have married in the future" (but one should find a shorter form)
"un bord plus fertile" : here, "un bord" is not about a ship, rather about land (a shore)
"sa barque" : his bark, I guess (probably a small fishing boat, for rowing on rivers or along the seashore). It means that people have their own occupations.
"parlent encore de vous" : still talk about you
" Et c'est ce qui vous fait ces voix désespérées" : And that is what gives you those desperate voices

The (Latin) title, as fas as I understand it, means "Night from the Ocean", or "Night over the Ocean".

On the whole, I would say that the meaning seems rather OK, but the translation would need a little re-working.

Besides my reply to the other comment, I wanted to add at least one thing.

----1----

Maint joyeux cercle, assis sur des ancres rouillées,
Mêle encor quelque temps vos noms d'ombre couverts

You translated this as:

Many circle happily, sitting on rusty anchors,
Your shadow-covered names still mix in sometimes

I wonder if "maint joyeux cercle" is to be taken as a noun phrase, i.e. «Many a joyful circle», and as the subject of mêle, so:

Many joyful circles [of people], sitting on rusty anchors,
Still sometimes mix in your shadow-covered names.

I.e. those names still get brought up among joyful gatherings of people.

----2----

Nul ne sait votre sort

Shouldn't this be «Nobody knows» rather than «Nobody will know»?

----3----

Vous vous les racontez en montant les marées,
Et c'est ce qui vous fait ces voix désespérées
Que vous avez le soir quand vous venez vers nous!

You tell them while rising the tides,
And that's what they do to you, these desperate voices,
that you have when you come toward us in the evening

Could "ce" be referring to the fact they're telling those tales, and be the subject of "fait", given "fait" is singular and we have "qui" not "que"? And perhaps the second "vous" is actually a reciprocal reflexive? So:

You tell them to each other while rising the tides,
And that's what makes for you these desperate voices
That you have in the evening when you come towards us!