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Italian National Anthem - Il canto degli italiani [Fratelli d’Italia] [Inno di Mameli] → English translation
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Italian National Anthem - Il canto degli italiani [Fratelli d’Italia] [Inno di Mameli]
- 1. Il futuro inno nazionale italiano venne scritto da Goffredo Mameli, nel settembre 1847, durante il Risorgimento italiano. Fu musicato nel novembre 1847 da Michele Novaro.
Mameli era uno studente e patriota, repubblicano, giacobino; compose l’inno durante dei moti a Genova, ispirandosi a La Marsigliese, canto della rivoluzione francese e poi inno nazionale francese.
Mameli morì nel 1849 durante l’assedio di Roma da parte dei francesi, che riconsegnarono la città al papa dopo l’insurrezione dei rivoluzionari italiani.
Il Canto degli Italiani è oggi molto più noto come Inno di Mameli o Fratelli d’Italia.
Tale canto fu proibito nel regno di Sardegna (che avrebbe poi inglobato il resto d’Italia con la seconda guerra d’indipendenza, nel 1860), per la sua ispirazione repubblicana. Fu usato durante le insurrezioni delle Cinque Giornate di Milano nel 1848 e durante tutto il Risorgimento, per poi essere accantonato in particolare dal fascismo, che preferiva inni esplicitamente a favore del regime.
Fu adottato come inno nazionale provvisorio il 12 ottobre 1946 perché ancora non c’era un inno ufficiale per la cerimonia del giuramento delle forze armate. Solo nel 2017 è stato proclamato inno ufficiale.
Vedi anche su wikipedia. - 2. Questa versione è quella “ufficiale”, nel senso che è quella oggi utilizzata nelle occasioni ufficiali, anche se l’ultima strofa è eseguita rarissimamente; quindi, di solito viene raddoppiata la prima strofa, per averne comunque sei totali.
- 3. In alternativa “noi siamo da secoli” o “noi fummo per secoli”.
- 4. O “ha il cuore e la mano”.
- 5. O “il suono di squilla”.
- 6. Questa versione è quella utilizzata nella grande maggioranza delle occasioni, soprattutto gli eventi sportivi. Vengono cantati solo la prima strofa (eseguita due volte su melodie differenti) e il ritornello, chiuso da un reboante “Sì!”.
- 7. Questa è la versione scritta da Mameli nel 1847. La quinta strofa (quella sull’Austria) venne aggiunta da Mameli dopo il debutto dell’inno nel dicembre 1847.
La strofa finale (quella sulle donne) fu eliminata da Mameli prima del debutto.
La sesta strofa dell’inno ufficiale (“Evviva l’Italia”) fu aggiunta dopo il 1859, preannunciando l’unità d’Italia. - 8. Ovvero “l’Italia si è (ri)svegliata”.
- 9. Scipione l’Africano fu un generale romano che sconfisse il generale cartaginese Annibale, e in questo modo salvò l’impero romano dalla più grande minaccia che abbia visto prima della sua caduta con le invasioni barbariche. L’Italia è l’erede più diretto dell’impero romano, quindi ci si rifà direttamente alla sua grandezza e alle sue vittorie.
L’elmo di Scipio (Scipione) è un simbolo di vittoria. - 10. In linea con le idee di Giuseppe Mazzini, che univa indissolubilmente patria, popolo e religione, il canto afferma che sia Dio stesso a sostenere l’Italia nella sua lotta.
Afferma anche che la Vittoria (la dea romana della vittoria, dai lunghi capelli) debba porgere la sua chioma all’Italia, e che la Vittoria sia schiava dell’Italia.
Tagliare i capelli di uno schiavo o un prigioniero era un segno di supremazia. L’Italia sta tagliando i capelli della Vittoria stessa, quindi l’Italia conquista la vittoria ed ha successo nella sua rivolta.
Tutto questo non c’entra nulla con quanto sostengono alcuni separatisti moderni, ovvero che sia l’Italia a essere “schiava di Roma”, ovvero che il popolo sia asservito alla mala politica della capitale. - 11. Una coorte era un’unità dell’esercito romano. Quindi il canto incita a lottare uniti, ancora una volta rifacendosi al glorioso passato latino dell’Italia.
Non c’entra invece nulla quello che molti italiani cantano, ovvero “stringiamoci a corte” (stringiamoci alla corte del re), cosa che avrebbe fatto inorridire molti patrioti dell’epoca, che lottavano per la Repubblica, e non certo per sostituire un dominatore straniero con un altro sovrano. Nonostante ciò, l’Italia unita nacque proprio come monarchia, sotto la famiglia dei Savoia. - 12. L’Italia non era più stata politicamente unita dalla caduta dell’Impero romano d’Occidente, intorno al 476 d.C.
Il canto incita gli italiani a lottare contro i vari dominatori stranieri succedutisi nei secoli: vandali, goti, ostrogoti, longobardi, carolingi, bizantini, arabi, normanni, angioini, aragonesi, asburgo, borboni, il papa, ….
Nel 1848, durante la prima guerra d’Indipendenza italiana (l’unità d’Italia è invece del 1861), l’Italia è ancora divisa in 7 stati indipendenti.
L’inno incita inoltre a dare impulso a quel sentimento di unità nazionale che agli italiani è sempre un po’ mancato (e ancora oggi manca), cosa che ha facilitato le dominazioni straniere e che ha prodotto decine di signorie, ducati, comuni e repubbliche “italiane”, ma sempre limitate geograficamente e mai unite. - 13. speme = speranza (dalla dea romana della speranza, Spes).
- 14. “Per Dio” è di solito un’esclamazione come “dannazione!”, “accidenti!”, “che diamine!”. Qui significa invece “per mezzo di Dio”, “per volere di Dio”. Questa strofa si rifà in pieno all’ideologia Mazziniana di Dio e popolo.
- 15. Il verso unisce tutta l’Italia, dal Nord (Alpi) al Sud (Sicilia), citando un verso dell’ode Il cinque maggio, scritta da Alessandro Manzoni in onore di Napoleone: “Dall’Alpi alle Piramidi, / dal Manzanarre al Reno”.
Napoleone era stato una grande speranza (e poi una delusione) per i patrioti italiani, che speravano di riuscire a ottenere l’indipendenza e l’unità grazie al suo supporto, replicando anche in Italia la rivoluzione francese.
Legnano è una città della Lombardia; nella battaglia di Legnano del 1176, una Lega di città italiane sconfisse l’imperatore del Sacro Romano Impero, Federico I Barbarossa.
Questo è quindi un simbolo della lotta del popolo italiano contro gli invasori stranieri. - 16. Francesco Ferrucci (o Ferruccio) era un condottiero per la repubblica di Firenze, che combatté contro l’imperatore austriaco Carlo V d’Asburgo nel 1530, quando fu ucciso mentre cercava di rompere l’assedio austriaco.
- 17. Nel 1746, Genova era occupata dagli Austriaci. Giovan Battista Perasso, detto “Balilla”, era un ragazzo che lanciò una pietra contro l’esercito austriaco in marcia, gesto che diede inizio alla rivolta.
Il termine balilla fu poi cooptato dal fascismo per riferirsi ai giovani educati dal regime. - 18. Il Vespro è la preghiera della sera.
Nel 1282, la Sicilia si ribellò contro i Francesi. La ribellione fu chiamata Vespri siciliani perché ebbe inizio durante i vespri del Lunedì dell’Angelo (il giorno dopo Pasqua), a Palermo. - 19. I combattenti italiani combattono per la patria, quindi sono destinati a sconfiggere i mercenari (le spade vendute) che combattono per i dominatori dell’Italia. Gli Italiani sono deboli come giunchi, ma l’amore per la loro patria è forte.
- 20. L’aquila bicipite (a due teste) è il simbolo dell’Austria. L’impero austriaco era in declino durante il Risorgimento (la metà del XIX secolo), ma occupava ancora parte del nord Italia, il regno lombardo-veneto, ed era particolarmente detestato dai patrioti italiani.
- 21. I cosacchi sono una popolazione slava (in parte russa e in parte ucraina) da cui venivano molti ottimi soldati.
Nel XVIII secolo, la Polonia venne spartita tra Austria, Prussia e Russia.
Sia il sangue polacco sia quello italiano sono stati versati, sia la Polonia sia l’Italia combattono per la loro libertà; questo crea un forte sentimento di fratellanza tra patrioti italiani e polacchi, che combattono lo stesso tipo di battaglia contro gli stessi nemici, tanto che l’Italia viene citata nell’inno nazionale polacco.
Il sangue degli oppressi diventa come un veleno che è destinato a bruciare il cuore degli oppressori.
- Fratelli d’Italia,:
The Italians belong to a single people and are therefore "brothers".
- l’Italia s’è desta,:
"Italy has woken up"; that is, it is ready to fight.
- dell’elmo di Scipio:
Scipio Africanus, winner of Battle of Zama, is brought up as an example for the ability of the Roman Republic to recover from the defeat and fight valiantly and victoriously against the enemy.
- s’è cinta la testa.:
Scipione's helmet, which Italy has now worn, is a symbol of the impending struggle against the Austrian Empire oppressor.
- Dov’è la Vittoria?:
The goddess Victoria. For a long time, the goddess Victoria was closely linked to ancient Rome, but now she is ready to dedicate herself to the new Italy for the series of wars that are necessary to drive the foreigner out of the national soil and unify the country.
- Le porga la chioma,:
"Le porga la chioma" can also be more literally translated as "Let her tender her hair to Rome" or "Tender her hair". Here, the poet refers to the use, in ancient Rome, of cutting hair to slaves to distinguish them from free women, who instead wore long hair, so Victoria must turn her hair to Italy to be cut off and become "slave" of it.
- ché schiava di Roma:
The sense here is that ancient Rome made, with its conquests, the goddess Victoria "its slave".
- Iddio la creò.:
Ancient Rome was great by God's design.
- Stringiamci a coorte,:
The phrase "cohort" can also be translated more literally as "Let us tighten in a cohort". The cohort (in Latin "cohors", "cohortis") was a combat unit of the Roman army, a tenth of a Roman legion. This very strong military reference, reinforced by the appeal to the glory and military power of ancient Rome, once again calls all men to arms against the oppressor.
- l’Italia chiamò.:
This alludes to the call to arms of the Italian people with the aim of driving out the foreign ruler from national soil and unifying Italy, still divided into pre-unification states.
- perché siam divisi.:
Mameli underlines the fact that Italy, understood as the Italian region, was not united. At the time (1847), in fact, it was still divided into nine states. For this reason, Italy had for centuries been often treated as a land of conquest.
- già l’ora suonò.:
The hope that Italy, still divided in the pre-unification states, will finally gather under a single flag, merging into one country.
- dovunque è Legnano.:
In the Battle of Legnano of 29 May 1176, the Lombard League defeated Frederick Barbarossa; here, the event rises to symbolize the fight against foreign oppression. Legnano, thanks to the historic battle, is the only city, besides Rome, to be mentioned in the Italian national anthem.
- Ogn’uom di Ferruccio:
Francesco Ferruccio, symbol of the siege of Florence (2 August 1530), with which the troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, wanted to bring down the Republic of Florence to restore the Medici lordship. In this circumstance, the dying Ferruccio was cowardly finished with a stab by Fabrizio Maramaldo, a captain of fortune in the service of Carlo V. "Vile, you kill a dead man", were the famous words of infamy that the hero addressed to his killer.
- si chiaman Balilla.:
Nickname of Giovan Battista Perasso, who on 5 December 1746 began, with the throwing of a stone to an officer, the Genoese revolt that ended with the chase of the Archduchy of Austria, who had occupied the city for several months.
- i Vespri suonò.:
The Sicilian Vespers, the Easter Monday uprising of 1282 against the French, extended to all of Sicily after having begun in Palermo, unleashed by the sound of all the bells of the city.
- Son giunchi che piegano
le spade vendute::
Mercenaries, whose use is anachronistically attributed to the Austrian Empire, are not valiant like the patriotic heroes but weak like rushes.
- già l’aquila d’Austria
le penne ha perdute.:
The Austrian Empire is in decline.
- il sangue Polacco,:
Poland, too, had been invaded by Austrian Empire, which had been dismembered with the help of the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The fate of Poland is singularly linked to that of Italy. Also, Poland's anthem "Poland Is Not Yet Lost" was written in Italy and originally titled "Song of the Polish Legions in Italy".
- bevé, col Cosacco,:
With the Russian Empire.
- ma il cor le bruciò.:
A wish and an omen: the blood of oppressed peoples, who will rise up against the Austrian Empire, will mark the end.
- Scipio:
Publio Cornelio Scipione il quale liberò la penisola italiana dall'esercito cartaginese, sconfiggendo il generale Annibale nella battaglia di Zama (il 18 ottobre 202 a.C.)
Italian National Anthem - The Chant of the Italians [Brothers of Italy] [Mameli’s Anthem]
- 1. The anthem that would later become the Italian national anthem was written by Goffredo Mameli in September 1847, during the Italian Risorgimento {resurgence}. It was put to music in November 1847 by Michele Novaro.
Mameli was a student and a patriot; he was a republican (in favor of the republic over the monarchy; nothing to do with US politics) and a jacobin; he wrote the anthem during the uprising in Genoa, taking inspiration from La Marseillaise, a French revolutionary anthem and later France’s national anthem.
Mameli died in 1849 during the siege of Rome by the French, who handed the city back to the Pope, after the uprising of the revolutionaries.
The Canto degli Italiani {chant of the Italians} is nowadays universally known as Inno di Mameli {Mameli’s anthem} or Fratelli d’Italia {Brothers of Italy}.
This anthem was outlawed in the kingdom of Sardinia (which would later annex the rest of Italy after the second war of independence, in 1860, to form the kingdom of Italy); this was due to the pro-republic sentiment of the anthem. It was used during the 1848 uprising of the Five Days of Milan, as well as durinɡ all of the Risorgimento; it was then put aside by Fascism, which preferred anthems that were explicitly supportive of the regime.
It was adopted as a temporary national anthem on 12 October 1946, since there wasn’t an official anthem yet for the pledge ceremony of the armed forces. It was only in 2017 that it was declared the official anthem.
See also on wikipedia. - 2. This version is the “official” one, in the sense that it’s the one that is used today during official ceremonies, even though the last stanza is sung exteremely rarely; so, usually, the first stanza is sung twice, so that there are six total.
- 3. “She” is the personification of Italy.
- 4. Lit. “because we are not [a] people”.
- 5. This version is the one used in the vast majority of cases, especially in sporting events.
Only the first stanza is sung – twice, to two different tunes – together with the refrain, which is ended by a bombastic “Sì!” {yeah}. - 6. This is the version written by Mameli in 1847.
The fifth stanza (the one about Austria) was added by Mameli after the anthem made its debut in December 1847.
The final stanza (the one about women) was removed by Mameli before the anthem’s debut.
The sixth stanza of the official anthem (“Evviva l’Italia”) was added after 1859, foreboding the Unification of Italy. - 7. Scipio Africanus was a Roman general who defeated the Carthaginian general Hannibal, thus saving the Roman empire from the greatest threat it ever faced before its fall (due to the barbaric invasions, six centuries later). Italy is the most direct heir of the Roman empire, so the anthem harks back to its greatness and victories.
Scipio’s helmet is a symbol of victory. - 8. The anthem claims that God himself supports the Italian struggle for independence. This is in line with the ideology of Giuseppe Mazzini, which joined indissolubly the homeland, the people, and religion.
The anthem also affirms that Victoria (the Roman goddess of victory, with a long mane of hair) should offer her hair to Italy, and that she should be Italy’s slave.
Cutting a slave’s or a prisoner’s hair was a sign of supremacy. Italy is cutting Victoria’s hair, so Italy is conquering victory itself and being victorious in its fight for independence.
All of this has nothing to do with what modern day Italian separatists claim: that it is Italy that’s “Rome’s slave”; that Italian people are subdued to the corrupt politics of the capital. - 9. A coorte was a military unit of the Roman army. So, the anthem incites people to fight together, once again harking back to the glorious Latin past of Italy.
It has nothing to do with what many Italians actually sing, that is “stringiamoci a corte” {let’s get together at [the king’s] court}, something that would have horrified many patriots back then, who were fighting for the republic, certainly not to replace the foreign rule with another monarch. Despite this, Italy was indeed born as a monarchy, under the rule of the House of Savoy. Italy became a republic after WWII. - 10. The whole of Italy hadn’t been united since the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD.
The anthem spurs Italians to fight against their various foreign rulers throughout history: Vandals, Goths, Ostrogoths, Langobards, Carolingians, Byzantines, Arabs, Normans, Angevins, Aragonese, Habsburgians, Bourbons, the Pope, …
In 1848, during the First Italian War of Independence (the unification of Italy was in 1861 instead), Italy was still split into 7 independent states.
The anthem encourages to build up that sentiment of national unity that Italy has never really fully had – and still lacks – which has made things easier for foreigner rulers, and which produced the myriad “Italian” kingdoms, duchies, communes and republics, always geographically limited and never united. - 11. speme = hope (from Spes, the Roman goddess of hope).
- 12. “Per Dio” {By God} is usually a (rude) exclamation, like “damn!” or “Christ!”.
Here, instead, it means “by means of God”, “by will of God”. This stanza is perfectly in line with Mazzini’s ideology of “God and nation”. - 13. These lines join all of Italy, from the north (the Alps) to the south (Sicily), quoting a verse from the ode Il cinque maggio {the 5th of May}, written by Alessandro Manzoni to celebrate Napoleon: “Dall’Alpi alle Piramidi, / dal Manzanarre al Reno” {from the Alps to the Pyramids, / from the Manzanares to the Rhine}.
Napoleon represented a great hope (and then a great disillusion) for the Italian patriots, who hoped to gain their indepedence and reach the unification thanks to his support, replicating the French revolution in Italy too.
Legnano is a city in Lombardy, northern Italy; in the battle of Legnano in 1176, a League of Italian cities defeated Frederick I Barbarossa, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
As such, Legnano is a symbol of the fight of the Italian people against foreign invaders. - 14. Francesco Ferrucci (or Ferruccio) was a condottiero (a mercenary leader) for the Republic of Florence. He fought against the Austrian emperor Charles V in 1530, when he was killed while trying to break the Austrian siege.
- 15. In 1746, Genoa was under Austrian occupation. Giovan Battista Perasso, nicknamed “Balilla”, was a boy who threw a stone against the marching Austrian army, a gesture that started the Genoese uprising.
The term balilla was then coopted by Fascism to refer to the young boys being educated by the regime. - 16. Vesper is the Christian evening prayer (from the Latin vesper = evening).
In 1282, Sicily rebelled against the French rule. The revolt was called Sicilian Vespers because it started in Palermo during the vesper prayer on Easter Monday. - 17. The Italian fighters are fighting for their homeland, so they’re bound to defeat the mercenaries (the “sold swords”) who fight for the foreign rulers of Italy. The Italians are weak like reeds, but their love for their homeland is strong.
- 18. The double-headed eagle is the symbol of Austria. The Austrian Empire was declining during the Risorgimento (in the mid 1800s), but it still ruled over part of northern Italy – the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia – and it was particularly despised by Italian patriots.
- 19. Cossacks are a Slavic people (partly Russian and partly Ukrainian) from which many very good soldiers came.
In the 1700s, Poland was partitioned among Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
Both Polish and Italian blood was spilled; both Poland and Italy were fighting for their freedom; this created a strong feeling of brotherhood between Italian and Polish patriots, who were fighting the same kind of fight, against the same enemies; so much so that Italy is cited in the Polish national Anthem.
The blood of the oppressed becomes a poison that will burn the heart of the oppressors.
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